ࡱ> IKH7 &bjbjUU "@7|7|"l&&&:***8bv4:(j#(%(%(%(%(%(%($* .,~I(&I(^(&#(#(FW&|T&#( @=!: *''#(t(0(9',H,#(::Week 6 Operating Systems Objectives: To look at system software (operating systems) To consider the organisation of files and folders Tolearn about modifying operating system files To learn about configuring the Rom-BIOS To learn about installing new software Systems software In week 5 you was given an introduction to software and we looked at the following categories of software Special purpose applications software General purpose applications software In this week we will look at system software. Systems Software This category itself covers several types of software: An operating system must be installed on every computer. It allows the user to communicate with the computer hardware and it controls and monitors the running of application programs. The operating system consists of a number of programs which are typically bundled with the hardware. (eg. When you buy a pc). You will often be supplied with a CD containing the latest version of the windows operating system. This then has to be installed by running a special installation program supplied on the CD, which will copy the operating system to your hard disk and customise it to your particular hardware configuration. All operating systems perform certain basic functions, including: Memory Management most computers nowadays are capable of holding several programs in memory simultaneously, so that a user can switch from one application to another (multi-tasking). The operating system (OS) has to allocate memory to each application as well as itself. Resource allocation and scheduling in larger computer systems capable of running several programs at once (multiprogramming), the OS is responsible for allocating processing time, memory and input-output resources to each one. Backing store management the OS controls the transfer of data from secondary storage (eg. Hard disk) to memory and back again. It also has to maintain a directory of the disk so that files and free space can be quickly located. Interrupt handling the OS detects many different kinds of interrupt such as, for example, a user pressing the Enter key on the keyboard, a printer sending a message that it is ready for the next block of data to be sent, the real-time clock interrupting to indicate that the ptrocessor should be allocated to the next user in a multi-user system, a hardware or software malfunction. User Interface the user gives instructions to the computer to start a program, copy a file, send a message to another user and so on by typing in commands recognised by the operating system or, more usually nowadays, by using a mouse to point and click in a Graphical User Interface (GUI) such as Windows 95,98,2000 or ME. Examples of Operating systems MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) This is a simple operating system that is only capable of executing a single program at any one time. When a program is run, it runs until it completes; only then can another program be run. It is a single-user operating system and offers little security. It is essentially a command-driven interface, meaning that the user has to type in commands in exactly the correct syntax to perform any operation. These commands can be quite complex and while expereinced users may be able to perform operations with some speed, the average user can find it a difficult interface to work with. Windows 95, 98 or 2000 Some years ago Microsoft produced the Windows operating system which, although based upon pioneering work done by apple in this field for their Mac range of machines, is by far the most widely used family of operating systems in the world today. Windows 95 unlike previous versions of Windows, was in itself a full operating system offering true multi-tasking (i.e. allowing the user to have more than one application running simultaneously and to switch between them) and taking full advantage of the 32-bit architecture of newer PCs (allowing applications to run faster). Other improvements include a completely redesigned GUI (Graphical User Interface) and the ability to use file names of up to 255 characters. Windows 95 and subsequent versions also provide Plug and Play support designed to make it easier to install peripherals such as a new printer. UNIX This is a general-purpose, multi-user,multi-tasking operating system written in C which has been around since the early 1970s. It is generally used on mainframe computers and, unlike other operating systems, it can be used on different types of hardware produced by many different manufacturers (referred to as different platforms) LINUX This operating system was created by Linus Torvalds, a Finnish programmer. It is available entirely free and can be downloaded from the Internet. There are not currently many applications that will run under Linux; Microsoft have had a virtual monoploy with the office suite of programs but rivals Coral and Borland are beginning to offer Linux versions of their software. Networked operating systems These are operating systems designed to control networked computer systems such as Windows NT and Novell Netware. This type of operating system controls users access to shared resources on the network, such as programs and data, and also physical devices such as printers or backing store. It uses login procedures to identify a user and request a password. The users are allocated network rights which are controlled by the operating system and which limit their access to the network. Drivers Drivers are pieces of software which undertake the most important task, providing the interface between hardware devices and subsytems and the operating system. Manufacturers of hardware all strive to make their devices the best in terms of value for money, functionality, flexibility and versatility. In order to do this, the various designs will often be quite different and will require to be driven in a particular way to get the best out of them. It would not be feasible for an operating system to be able to cater for all these variations. Thus manufacturers of printers, monitors and graphic cards etc. all supply a driver with their hardware which will interface correctly to the given operating system. Organising files and folders It does not take long before a PC has hundreds, probably even thousands, of files dtored on the hard driive. It is therfeore extremely important to keep your work organised so that you can easily find a paricular file. Windows Explorer (dont confuse this with Internet Explorer) allows you to create folders and subfolders in which to store your files. To access Windows Explorer either click on it in the Programs list from the Start menu or right-click the Start button and click Explore or it may be displayed as an icon in your Office toolbar. When Windows is first loaded onto your computer it names each of the frives- the floppy drive is usually A:, the hard drive C:, the Zip drive if you have one is probably D:, the CD drive E: and so on. The hard drive may also be partioned into several logical drives in addition to C: designated D:, E:, as F: or G: Additionally on a network you can assign a drive letter to a shared drive or folder on another PC so that it appears as drive K: or Q:, for example. This among other advantages allows you to find it faster in a file dialogue. On the C: drive Windows sets up a number of folders and every time you load on new software such as Word, Excel or Access another set of new folders is created and files put into them. One important folder that is set up automatically is my Documents. This is where Windows expects you to create your own subfolders to store your work ( however youcan create folders outside My Documents if you wish). The important thing is to plan how you are going to organise the work you do and set up folders and subfolders accordingly. Task 5 Experiment with windows explorer for finding different files Task 5.1 Why is it important to uninstall software from the Add/Remove software dialogue, than just simply deleting the folder the software is located? Task 5.2 What type of operating system are you using? NB. Dont just name the brand, you need to state the capabilities using the terms discussed in this handout. Task 5.3 Read the handouts or workshops (from my website) and attempt the following tasks: Installing new software Know the steps in installing software! Configuring the Rom Bios Access the computer BIOS and view the options Modifying Operating system files Open up autoeexec.bat in notepad and try and understand the commands. You may not be able to experiment on your college pc due to security restrictions. Please try to experiment on your own pc. 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