ࡱ> WYV7 3bjbjUU "T7|7|/l&&&:&&&8^zD:00j///////$1 3/&//&//7.|T&/ @݇:&./0000.N44N4/::Week 5 Introduction to Software Objectives: To look at different categories of software Types of Software Software is the general term used to describe all of the programs which run on a computer. There are three general categories of software: System Software Special purpose applications software General purpose applications software Systems Software Operating systems (will look in more detail in week 6) An operating system must be installed on every computer. It allows the user to communicate with the computer hardware and it controls and monitors the running of application programs. The operating system consists of a number of programs which are typically bundled with the hardware. (eg. When you buy a pc). Utility Programs Numerous utility programs are available to users such as: Virus checkers these check the disks and memory for viruses and clean them if detected (e.g Mcafee and Norton utilities) Security and accounting this type of software is normally installed on a network to check user Ids and passwords, to count and report the number of attempts to log on under each user ID, the amount of processor time used at each session and so on. File management utilities these attempt to detect and repair corrupted files (eg. Scandisk, reorganize files on disk so that the space is defragmented and so improve performance (eg. Defrag), Zip (compress) files so that they occupy less space (eg. Winzip, Winrar). Programming Languages Low level languages such as machine code or assembly language are machine-oriented, designed to be close to languages that the hardware of the machines can understand. Because these are difficult for humans, high level languages have been developed which are designed to be closer to English. General purpose programming languages include Pascal, Visual Basic, C and C++ amongst others. Programming language compilers and interpreters are the programs used to translate the statement in a programming language such as Visual Basic, Pascal or C into a form that the computer can understand. Diagnostic Software This type of software is used to monitor, analyse and report on the performance of a computer and its components.. It can provide information such as the overall utilisation of the processor and number of disk accesses over a given period of time. Some basic diagnostics are provided by Windows System Tools (eg. Scandisk and System Information). Some hardware manufacturers also supply additional diagnostic software (eg. Compaq diagnostics). It is also possible to download free diagnostics software from the Internet (eg. AMIDiag) or purchase alternative diagnostics packages (eg. Norton Utility Dianostics). Drivers (we will look at this further in week 6 operating systems) Drivers are pieces of software which undertake a most important task, providing the interface between hardware devices and subsytems and the operating system. Special purpose applications software This type of software is written to perform specific tasks such as order entry, payroll, stock control or hospital appointments. The software may be designed specifically for one particular company (bespoke software) and written for them using a programming language or software such as a databse management system. Alternatively the software can be purchased off the shelf, for example Sage for accounting and Pegasus OPERA, an integrated package for accounting, stock control, sales and order processing. General purpose applications software All common application packages such as word pressing, desktop publishing, spreadsheet, database, computer-aided design (CAD) and presentation graphics packages fall into this category. Most general purpose software is sold as a package, including a CD containing the software and either manuals or an on-screen help system to get you started. Integrated packages which combined features from different application packages have been very popular in the past and can still be a good buy for the beginner as they offer capabilities from different packages in a single product at a relatively low price. However a single integrated package (eg. Microsoft Works) has fewer and less sophisticated features than are found in seperately-purchased packages. Complete Software suites such as Microsoft Office offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages seperately. A software suite such as MS Office can also be referred to as integrated in that the individual applications are completely compatible, so that there is no problem in importing or exporting data from one package to another (eg. Copying an Excel spreadsheet into a word report). Also the packages have the same look and feel, with the same shortcut keys used for various operations (eg Ctrl-S for save) and this makes learning new software an easier task. PC vendors often offer software suites as bundled software that is thrown in with the price of the PC. These deals often seem tempting but it is important to consider what is essential and what you can really do without. Application Service Providers In the future companies may consider offering the chance to subscribe for access to certain software applications instead of buying them outright. Application Service Providers (ASPs) already provide this service and Microsoft has recently announced that it will offer annual subscription fees for its office software. Generic Software This is a general term used to describe application packages that are used to perform operations that are an integral part of day-to-day business operations. The most common ones are Word Processor 2. Spreadsheets 3. Database management 4. Graphics 5. Electronic Mail (Email) Versions of these applications are available from many different software manufacturers, but they all have many features in common these are summarised in the following paragraphs. 1.Word Processing Software A word processing package is a program that is used to enter, edit, format, store and print documents. A document may be anything from a simple memo to a complete book. In addition to data entry and editing facilities, word processors have several important features: Spelling and grammar checker this allows all words in a document to be checked against the packages dictionary WYSIWYG capability this acronym stands for What You See Is What You Get and refers to the ability to display on screen exactly what you will get when the text is printed. Creation of standard templates these provide preset styles, margins, formatting, letterheads etc. to speed up the word processing task Import files pictures, graphics, video and sound files can be imported from other sources and inserted into a document. Mail merge a document and a list of names and addresses can be merged to produce personalised letters. Automatic creation of index and table of contents in a long document any word can be marked for inclusion in an index. Headings and subheadings in a given style can included automatically in a table of contents. Examples of word processing packages include: Microsoft Word, Corel WordPerfect, Lotus SmartSuite 2. Spreadsheets Spreadsheet packages allow the user to create worksheet data in column and row form. Spreadsheets are used for any application that uses numerical data, such as budgets, cash flow forecasts, profit and loss statements, student marks or results of experiments. Spreadsheets generally offer the following facilities. Formatting it is possible to format cells, rows and columns and to copy/cut and paste data. Rows and columns can be inserted, moved and deleted. Formulae use of basic arithmetic operators allows calculations to be performed within and between cells. What-if calculations the effect of several hypothetical changes of data can be determined Functions these can be used within formulae (eg. SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX etc.) Templates spreadsheets can be stored and retrieved that have formats and formulae already entered, into which new figures may be inserted. Queries a simple data base can be created and then certain records extracted in a report depending on certain criteria. Macros to automate common procedures Queries one spreadsheet can consist of several worksheets and data can be copied between them Charting many different types of chart and graph can be produced (eg pie charts, bar charts,histograms, line graphs). Examples of spreadsheet packages include: Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 3. Database Management Systems Database packages store a collection of data and enable the rapid retrieval and analysis of information. The main features of a database system include: Editing of data data can easily be edited to correct errors, add new records or delete old records Data validation as data is entered into the database it can be validated to help ensure accuracy Sorting of records records can be sorted alphabetically and numerically in a matter of seconds Queries certain records can be extracted from the database depending on specified criteria Forms these can easily be created to make data entry easier for the user Reports different types of report analysing data can be produced from the system Macros these can be developed to automate common procedures Examples of databases include: MS Access, Filemake Pro, Borland Visualm dBase, MS Visual FoxPro 4. Graphics Bitmap Graphics Painting packages can be used to produce and edit pictures called bitmap graphics. When a picture or photograph is scanned using scanning software, the colour of each pixel is saved to produce a bitmapped image. This can be edited in great detail down to pixel level. However the files created are large and sizing a bitmap can cause some distortion. Examples of painting packages include: Microsoft Paint, Corel Photo-Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Jase Paint Shop Pro Vector Graphics Drawing packages produce geometric objects called vector graphics (eg. The drawing tools in MS Word, Photoshop and Cad packages) Vector graphics deal with objects which can be sized easily without distortion and are used in technical drawings or CAD applications that require great precision. The drawings are saved in a different way: instead of saving the colour of each pixel, information about each object is saved for example the start and end points and thickness of a line, or the centre and radius of a circle. Packages such as AutoCad are used by architects and enginerrs to produce technical drawings. Objects can be scaled and rotated, shaded and shown in 3D, and have calculations performed on them to find. For example volume or centre of gravity. Examples of graphics packages include: Drawing tools in MS Word, Corel Draw, AutoCAD, Macromedia Freehand 5. E-mail E-mail systems allow you to send memos, letters and files containing data of all types from your computer to any other computer with an email address and a modem, simply by typing in the recipients name and pressing the Send button. Some of the standard facilities on offer include: Address book a list of contacts can be stored so that you do not have to remember email addresses In and Out boxes copies of all incoming and outgoing messages can be stored until deleted Reply feature it is easy to send a reply to an e-mail as soon as soon it is received by using a Reply button Attachment feature data in files of many types can be attached to the email message and transmitted electronically to the destination Send to lists of people the same message can be sent simultaneously to a group of people Examples of e-mail packages include: Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Lotus Notes Task 5 What word processing features would someone writing a technical manual need, that a secetary writing letters would not? Task 5.1 Find 1 utility program (on the internet) and list what it does. Task 5.2 List several Operating System software that could be used as System software Task 5.3 What is DirectX? 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