ࡱ> JLI7  *bjbjUU "H7|7|%Cl  <<<Pddd84P"j" " " " " " "$# &x."<."gC"ggg<"g"gZgVD!@T<" @?UP d! "Y"0"!x&d&"gPPWeek 2 The System Unit (An overview of the computer system) Objectives: To learn what makes up a motherboard To be able to select and install a motherboard To understand the function of the processor To appreciate the different types of processor To learn about the bus architecture Learn about electrical safety and standard ways of working Electrical Safety You must read the handout Standard Ways of Working which discusses safety issues in detail. For this unit in particular you must be able to work safely and take precautions not to damage yourself, others or the equipment you are working on. Whenever anyone is carrying out work on electrical equipment there is some risk involved. However, assuming you have powerd it off first, the pc system unit is relatively safe to work on. The greatest danger comes from large charges of electrical energy that are retained in power supply components. You should never remove the outer casing of a power supply because of this risk of electrical shock it should only be replaced as a complete unit. The same applies to pc monitors the casings should never be removed unless you are specifically trained to do so. Static electricity stored in the human body can pose a serious threat to your PC components. It is possible to damage these devices simply by touching them. To combat this you should always wear an anti-static wrist strap before commencing work inside a pc case. In addition, anti-static mats which you place under the item you are working on are also recommended. The System Unit The PC case holds all vital electronics components as well as providing a housing for CD-Rom and floppy drives on the front, and various ports and fans along the back. The case also acts as an electromagnetic radiation shield and allows for channelled airflow to prevent the unit overheating. The PC case can be either the traditional desktop design (also available in SFF profile Small Form Factor) or now often a mini tower which provides easy access to the internal components while minimising the size of the footprint (this does not apply to laptop computers where the screen is integral with the case. Motherboards Inside the pc case almost everything is mounted on a single large circuit board called the motherboard (sometimes referred to as the system board). All components communicate with each other via this board and it determines how quickly and efficiently the PC will work. Other circuit boards, such as video, sound and network cards slot into the motherboard. It also contains the processor, memory, disk drive interfaces and the controllers that control the pripheral devices. Selecting a new motherboard The motherboard in a pc can often be replaced with a faster, more recent model, but before buying a new board it is best to check with the supplier that it will be compatible with the rest of your system. Some points to consider include: What size (or form) of motherboard does your pc use? ( For example, an ATX motherboard requires an ATX compatible case) Can your existing processor be used in the new motherboard? Will the memory on your current motherboard be compatible with the new one? (Eg. SDRAM, DDR RAM) What features in the BIOS does the motherboard include? (The BIOS is the Setup program stored in special integrated circuits on the motherboard which controls communication between your PC and its peripherals.) Examples include power management (allowing key components to power down after a set period of inactavity) and passwords. Can uou use your existing expansion cards in the new motherboard? Does the new motherboard have the same type of power connectors? Does it have the fastest and most up-to-date chipset you can afford? Sometimes referred to as the glue logic these integrated circuits control the flow of data between the key parts of your motherboard. If your current motherboard has integrated I/O and video functions, you may still need to purchase these seperately. Processors The processor (or CPU) is the most important part of the PC, performing all the number- crunching and essential data processing. It is so important to the performance and pricing of a PC that computer manufacturers often market their products by the processors type and speed. The CPU keeps the processing of data in step using a very fast clock. Early CPUs worked in Kilohertz (i.e thousands of hertz) range (Khz) but current Pentium IIIs clock data at 800 Megahertz (MHz) that means 800 million times/second or more: Pentium 4s now run at 1 Gigahertz (GHz) upwards 1000 million times/second and more. What is a CPU Clock Speed The clock speed of a CPU is defined as the frequency that a processor executes instructions or that data is processed. This clock speed is measured in millions of cycles per second megahertz (MHz) and now gigahertz (GHz). Companies that produce CPUs include AMD, Cyrix and IBM but the most popular types are the Intel Pentium III and their derivatives. Selecting a new processor There are some important things to consider before buying a processor. Most importantly check with the supplier that it will be compatible with your existing system; you will have to tell them the type of motherboard fitted and whether it has a processor upgrade socket. Other elements of the system such as the memory may limit the true potential of a more powerful processor. Types of CPU Older types of CPU include: 486-type CPUs > Before the Pentium processor arrived the Intel 80386 and 80486 were the most popular. However these processors would not be capable of running todays software. > 1st and 2nd generation Pentium CPUs The first Pentiums came in a variety of types and speeds. They used the Intel Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket 7 which can also accept most equivelant Cyrix and AMD CPUs. > The Pentium Pro CPU This was designed for applications such as graphics and multimedia. > The Pentium MMX CPU This was essentially a supercharged Pentium tuned for multimedia applications The current generations of CPUs include the following: > Super fast Pentium IIIs and 4s A variety of speeds are now avialable up to an amazing 2GHz + at time of writing > Celeron This is Intels cheaper alternative to the Pentium > AMD these competitors to the Intel processors also range in speeds up to 1GHz + (currently 2.2GHz available). Various models include AMD K6, AMD Athlon, AMD Duron and XP series. Interface / Bus Architecture As discussed in week 1 (Introduction to hardware) buses are sets of interconnecting links which move information between different components. A bus is a set of typically 8, 16 or 32 parallel wires along which data and memory addresses are transmitted. Several buses are used in PCs including: Data Bus The data bus transfers data to and from memory locations. The size of the data bus determines how much data is transferred into or out of the CPU at any time, and has a significant impact on the computers speed. Address Bus These are the electrical connections that enable the CPU to send address information to the system. The size of the address bus determines the maximum size of the computers memory. A 16-bit bus can transmit an address up to 216 -1 , or 65535. A 32-bit address bus can transmit an address up to 232 1 a very large number! Dont worry if you are confused by bits and bytes they are explained later on in the unit. Control Bus Because data and address buses are shared by all of the system components, their actions need to be sychronised. The control bus carries the signals that tell devices when they can use the bus and controls the data flow. Expansion Bus The expansion bus (sometimes referred to as the Input/Output bus or external bus) links the processor to those parts of the PC that are not on the motherboard. Expansion cards like sound cards and network cards fir into expansion slots which are directly connected to the bus. Expansion slots come in several types, the most common now being: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) A newer faster bus (generally running at 33MHz or 100Mhz) found on Pentium class PCs. It is sometimes reffered to as a local bus as it is connected near to the CPU. ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) A common low-speed bus that was included on virtually all PCs in the past. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) A new graphics-only connection running at two or four times the speed of PCI. It speeds up graphics performance and is particularly effective for 3D applications, Video and computer games. USB (Universal Serial Bus) For use with Pentium MMX or faster systems running Windows 98 or higher, this is an external Plug and Play (PnP) bus which replaces serial and parallel ports. Task 2 Look through some computer magazines or the web. Identify 2 powerful PC s that are advertised. You need to comment on why you chose them. Task 2.1 You are asked to choose and build a PC for 2 clients, they each have different requirements. Think about what components would be most important for the client. Client 1: Mainly runs intensive 3D graphics applications and computer games. Client 2: A business user, needs good storage and an efficient PC. Doesnt have much workspace so doesnt really want a large case. Either choose components yourself or you can simply choose an off the shelf package. Provide evidence for this ie. A printout or a list of components available from a company. Task 2.2 Find a picture of a motherboard. Print it out and annetate. ie. PCI slots, AGP , Memory locations etc.. 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