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The highway- so to speak of the motherboard, its infrastructure. Looking at a motherboard you will be able to recognize the bus by all the gold lines of wires running throughout board. A 64-bit bus is described as 64 wires or lines in the board. The idea of the internal bus is to transfer information across to all components of motherboard especially the external bus, which is covered later. What are the components of the internal bus and what lines are used for what? The control bus, Address Bus, Data Bus which are all located in the internal bus of the motherboard. Control Bus- a signal that is sent by the CPU that coordinates actions of the system. Address Bus- this is where data and instructions are sent from one component to another using the address bus. This is done by using memory location addresses to recognize the location of data in the system memory (RAM). Data Bus- this is the lines or paths for actual data, instructions to be sent to components. Power- this type bus is used to send power to components of the system. The internal bus is just an internal line of communication sending data and instruction among itself. Not only this but providing power and addressing service for the system. Most of the time you don’t even think about this type of bus and it goes on in the background without your intervention. Now lets look at external bus. Most of you have messed with this at one point or another. Ever heard of a PCI slot or installed maybe a modem or sound card? This utilizes the external bus. -So what are the slots made up off? We already know that there are little pins made out of gold and tin, but what else? External Bus The external bus is also referred to as the expansion bus. There are six major types of external bus’s found on the common motherboard. Only a few of these are actually found on the home PC such as ISA, PCI, AGP, USB and IDE. These slots are easily recognized on the board. They are usually covered with pins on the inside channel. Some of these pins are made of tin or gold. The pins themselves actually mount into the internal bus. Some pins provide power to you component or connect to the data, address bus’s. Here is a description of some common buses ISA (Industry Standard Architecture), This bus is the low speed work horse of the system. You will commonly find a Sound Card hooked up this type BUS. You will not find these on newer motherboards, it has been replaced by PCI. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), Supports 32-64 bit bus and is the reigning standard of external buses. The PCI is fast and is slowly making the ISA fade away. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port), This Bus provides from 2 to 4 times the speed of the PCI and is used for video expansion only. If you have this slot on your motherboard make sure you use it for you video card for maximum performance. The AGP takes a lot of stress off the CPU, thus gaining in performance all the way around. USB (Universal Serial Bus), This is something that is fairly new and allows you to hook up to 127 devices. This is probably going to wipe out PS/2 ports and more. The USB allows you to swap devices or plug and unplug devices while system is running. This is a great feature and is incorporated on most new motherboards. IDE (Intelligent Drive Electronics), This bus is used mostly for disk drives and connects up to two devices on one connection. Such as your hard drive and CD-ROM. There are a few more bus types that are not very common and some are not even in uses in modern computers. The buses above are the most common and found in modern motherboards. The Slots Makeup -Now what are these slots made up of? Here is a list of features that the external bus incorporates. Clock Signal- this connection provides your expansion card and slot with the signal of the bus clock. Along with this signal the expansion card can synchronize itself with the systems communication. IRQ (Interrupt Request), most of you have dealt with an IRQ headache. There are only so many available and you need them! To put this in basic terms the IRQ is used so the CPU can give a device an IRQ priority. The CPU will recognize this device by its IRQ and process the instructions more efficiently. DMA (Direct Memory Access), This is known as a DMA channel. The DMA is used with certain devices to bypass the CPU and access memory directly. The DMA channel can also be shared by two devices letting a big load off of the CPU. Input/Output (I/O Address), This is assigned to each expansion slot. The idea of the I/O address is allowing the CPU to send information directly to the port. Now if the device responds from the CPU it will do so by using a DMA. This device is also considered a reverse IRQ and information only goes one way thus using the DMA to respond. 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