ࡱ> 7 U~bjbjUU .7|7|Uzlbbbbbbbv d 4v: 4444444moooooo! #ob44444oNbb44NNN4&b4b4mN4mNN}bb4. Fv Z0,*$2*$NvvbbbbWebsite Design When designing webpages we should consider the following points. Resolution  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Resolution is the number of  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixels (individual points of color) contained on a display monitor, expressed in terms of the number of pixels on the horizontal axis and the number on the vertical axis. The sharpness of the image on a display depends on the resolution and the size of the monitor. The same pixel resolution will be sharper on a smaller monitor and gradually lose sharpness on larger monitors because the same number of pixels are being spread out over a larger number of inches. A given computer display system will have a maximum resolution that depends on its physical ability to focus light (in which case the physical dot size - the  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.html" dot pitch - matches the pixel size) and usually several lesser resolutions. For example, a display system that supports a maximum resolution of 1280 by 1023 pixels may also support 1024 by 768, 800 by 600, and 640 by 480 resolutions. Note that on a given size monitor, the maximum resolution may offer a sharper image but be spread across a space too small to read well. Display resolution is not measured in dots per inch as it usually is with printers. However, the resolution and the physical monitor size together do let you determine the pixels per inch. Typically, PC monitors have somewhere between 50 and 100 pixels per inch. For example, a 15-inch  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211966,00.html" display modes monitor has a resolution of 640 pixels along a 12-inch horizontal line or about 53 pixels per inch. A smaller VGA display would have more pixels per inch. Display modes  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  The term display mode refers to the characteristics of a computer display, in particular the maximum number of colors and the maximum image  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212895,00.html" resolution (in  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixels horizontally by pixels vertically). There are several display modes that can be found in personal computer (PC) systems today. The earliest displays for personal computers were monochrome monitors that were used in word processors and text-based computer systems in the 1970s. In 1981, IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA). This display system was capable of rendering four colors, and had a maximum resolution of 320 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels vertically. While CGA was all right for simple computer games such as solitaire and checkers, it did not offer sufficient image resolution for extended sessions of word processing, desktop publishing, or sophisticated graphics applications. In 1984, IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) display. It allowed up to 16 different colors and offered resolution of up to 640 x 350. This improved the appearance over earlier displays, and made it possible to read text easily. Nevertheless, EGA did not offer sufficient image resolution for high-level applications such as graphic design and desktop publishing. This mode has become essentially obsolete, although it is sometimes found in old word processors and PCs in private homes. In 1987, IBM introduced the Video Graphics Array (VGA) display system. This has become the accepted minimum standard for PCs. Some VGA monitors are still in use today. The maximum resolution depends on the number of colors displayed. You can choose between 16 colors at 640 x 480, or 256 colors at 320 x 200. All IBM-compatible computers support the VGA standard. In 1990, IBM intoduced the Extended Graphics Array (XGA) display as a successor to its 8514/A display. A later version, XGA-2 offers 800 x 600 pixel resolution in true color (16 million colors) and 1024 x 768 resolution in 65,536 colors. These two image resolution levels are perhaps the most popular in use today by individuals and small businesses. The Video Electronics Standards Assocation (VESA) has established a standard programming interface for Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA) displays, called the VESA BIOS Extension. Typically, an SVGA display can support a palette of up to 16,000,000 colors, although the amount of video memory in a particular computer may limit the actual number of displayed colors to something less than that. Image-resolution specifications vary. In general, the larger the diagonal screen measure of an SVGA monitor, the more pixels it can display horizontally and vertically. Recently, new specifications have arisen. These include Super Extended Graphics Array (SXGA) and Ultra Extended Graphics Array (UXGA). The SXGA specification is generally used in reference to screens with 1280 x 1024 resolution; UXGA refers to a resolution of 1600 by 1200. Nowadays, the older specifications (VGA and SVGA) are often used simply in reference to their typical resolution capabilities. The table shows display modes and the resolution levels (in pixels horizontally by pixels vertically) most commonly associated with each. Display ModeResolution (pixels)VGA640 x 480SVGA800 x 600XGA1024 x 768SXGA1280 x 1024UXGA1600 x 1200 INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET Pixel  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  A pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a logical - rather than a physical - unit. The physical size of a pixel depends on how you've set the  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212895,00.html" resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its maximum resolution, the physical size of a pixel will equal the physical size of the  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.html" dot pitch (let's just call it the dot size) of the display. If, however, you've set the resolution to something less than the maximum resolution, a pixel will be larger than the physical size of the screen's dot (that is, a pixel will use more than one dot). The specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of the color spectrum -  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212900,00.html" RGB. Up to three bytes of data are allocated for specifying a pixel's color, one byte for each color. A  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213224,00.html" true color or 24-bit color system uses all three bytes. However, most color display systems use only eight-bits (which provides up to 256 different colors). A  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211672,00.html" bitmap is a file that indicates a color for each pixel along the horizontal axis or row (called the x coordinate) and a color for each pixel along the vertical axis (called the y coordinate). A  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.html" Graphics Interchange Format file, for example, contains a bitmap of an image (along with other data). Screen image sharpness is sometimes expressed as dots per inch ( HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213912,00.html" dots per inch). (In this usage, the term dot means pixel, not dot as in dot pitch.) Dots per inch is determined by both the physical screen size and the resolution setting. A given image will have lower resolution - fewer dots per inch - on a larger screen as the same data is spread out over a larger physical area. On the same size screen, the image will have lower resolution if the resolution setting is made lower - resetting from 800 by 600 pixels per horizontal and vertical line to 640 by 480 means fewer dots per inch on the screen and an image that is less sharp. (On the other hand, individual image elements such as text will be larger in size.) Pixel has generally replaced an earlier contraction of picture element, pel. RGB  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Also see  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212740,00.html" palette. RGB (red, green, and blue) refers to a system for representing the colors to be used on a computer display. Red, green, and blue can be combined in various proportions to obtain any color in the visible spectrum. Levels of R, G, and B can each range from 0 to 100 percent of full intensity. Each level is represented by the range of decimal numbers from 0 to 255 (256 levels for each color), equivalent to the range of binary numbers from 00000000 to 11111111, or  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212247,00.html" hexadecimal 00 to FF. The total number of available colors is 256 x 256 x 256, or 16,777,216 possible colors. In the Hypertext Markup Language ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212286,00.html" HTML), the color for a page background or text font is specified by an RGB value, expressed with six digits in hexadecimal format. The first and second digits represent the red level; the third and fourth digits represent the green level; the fifth and sixth digits represent the blue level. In order to actually display the colors for all possible values, the computer display system must have 24 bits to describe the color in each  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixel. In display systems or modes that have fewer bits for displaying colors, an approximation of the specified color will be displayed. In creating Web pages, the number of RGB values that are recommended for use is considerably reduced - first, by the fact that many displays can handle only 256 colors and, secondly, because PC and Mac Web browsers handle 40 of these 256 colors slightly differently. In order to ensure that your colors will be consistent on both browsers, a palette of the 216 colors common to both PC and Web browsers is recommended. Any color outside of these will be  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211968,00.html" dithering (approximated). Palette For actual RGB values to specify, see our table containing the  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211495,00.html" 216-color browser-safe palette. A palette is both the board on which an artist puts selected colors and also the set of colors themselves. On the Web, choosing the colors you use not only involves understanding which colors work well together but also understanding the capabilities of display screens and  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211708,00.html" browser for displaying the colors you choose. (In the case of pre-created images such as photographs someone else has taken, you don't choose the colors that were captured initially, but you can control which colors are saved for transmission.) In computer display technology, a color is set for each individual  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixel or addressable illumination element on the screen. Each pixel has a red, a green, and a blue ( HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212900,00.html" RGB) component. By specifying the amount of intensity for each of these components, a distinct color is given to that pixel. (A good way to remember this if you create Web  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212738,00.html" page is to think of the way the background, text, or link colors are specified in the BODY tag as a string of eight  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211661,00.html" binary digits, where each two-digit sequence (of eight bits, or a byte) represents one of the RGB components.) For Web presentation, you (or the artist you're working with) will usually want to choose from a palette that is limited to the 256 colors that most computer users can display. Users with very high-quality display monitors and adapters that provides a 24-bit variation for each pixel can view up to 16,777,216 different colors. However, most of us have computers that can only handle an 8-bit variation, limiting us to a (still pretty graphic) 256 color-palette. If you do use a larger range of colors or pallette than someone's display or browser can handle, the browser will  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211968,00.html" dithering the colors (that is, the browser will find colors within its palette that it can substitute for any color that is outside its palette). As a designer, you will also want to consider that Mac and Windows browsers do not have identical palettes. In the usual 256 color palette, 216 are common to both types of browsers, but 40 are different and require dithering by one of the browsers. Dithering  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Dithering is the attempt by a computer program to approximate a color from a mixture of other colors when the required color is not available. For example, dithering occurs when a color is specified for a Web page that a  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci211708,00.html" browser on a particular  HYPERLINK "http://searchWin2000.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid1_gci212714,00.html" operating system can't support. The browser will then attempt to replace the requested color with an approximation composed of two or more other colors it can produce. The result may or may not be acceptable to the graphic designer. It may also appear somewhat grainy since it's composed of different pixel intensities rather than a single intensity over the colored space. To understand the colors available with Web browsers, see  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212740,00.html" palette. Also see  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci211495,00.html" 216-color browser-safe palette. Dithering also occurs when a display monitor attempts to display images specified with more colors than the monitor is equipped to handle. Dithering is rather easy to confuse with  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci211572,00.html" antialiasing True color  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  True color is the specification of the color of a  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixel on a display screen using a 24-bit value, which allows the possibility of up to 16,777,216 possible colors. Many displays today support only an 8-bit color value, allowing up to 256 possible colors. The number of bits used to define a pixel's color shade is its bit-depth. True color is sometimes known as 24-bit color. Some new color display systems offer a 32-bit color mode. The extra byte, called the alpha channel, is used for control and special effects information. bit map  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  A bit map (often spelled "bitmap") defines a display space and the color for each  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixel or "bit" in the display space. A  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.html" Graphics Interchange Format and a  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212425,00.html" JPEG are examples of graphic image file types that contain bit maps. A bit map does not need to contain a bit of color-coded information for each pixel on every row. It only needs to contain information indicating a new color as the display scans along a row. Thus, an image with much solid color will tend to require a small bit map. Because a bit map uses a fixed or  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212871,00.html" raster graphics method of specifying an image, the image cannot be immediately rescaled by a user without losing definition. A  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213284,00.html" vector graphics graphic image, however, is designed to be quickly rescaled. Typically, an image is created using vector graphics and then, when the artist is satisifed with the image, it is converted to (or saved as) a raster graphic file or bit map. Dots per inch  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  1) In computers, dots per inch (dpi) is a measure of the sharpness (that is, the density of illuminated points) on a display  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212946,00.html" screen. The  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.html" dot pitch determines the absolute limit of the possible dots per inch. However, the displayed  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212895,00.html" resolution of  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html" pixels (picture elements) that is set up for the display is usually not as fine as the dot pitch. The dots per inch for a given picture resolution will differ based on the overall screen size since the same number of pixels are being spread out over a different space. Some users prefer the term "pixels per inch ( HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214320,00.html" ppi)" as a measure of display image sharpness, reserving dpi for use with the print medium. 2) In printing, dots per inch (dpi) is the usual measure of printed image quality on the paper. The average personal computer printer today provides 300 dpi or 600 dpi. Choosing the higher print quality usually reduces the speed of printing each page. GIF The GIF (the original and preferred pronunciation is DJIF; it stands for Graphics Interchange Format) is one of the two most common file  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212141,00.html" formats for graphic images on the World Wide Web. The other is the  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212425,00.html" JPEG. On the Web and elsewhere on the Internet (for example, bulletin board services), the GIF has become a de facto standard form of image. The  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214337,00.html" LZW compression  HYPERLINK "http://searchVB.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.html" algorithm used in the GIF format is owned by Unisys, and companies that make products that exploit the algorithm (including the GIF format) need to license its use from Unisys. In practice, Unisys has not required users of GIF images to obtain a license, although their licensing statement indicates that it is a requirement. Unisys says that getting a license from them does not necessarily involve a fee. The GIF uses the 2D  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212870,00.html" raster data type and is encoded in  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211661,00.html" binary. There are two versions of the format, 87a and  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.html" GIF89a. Version 89a (July, 1989) allows for the possibility of an  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211566,00.html" animated GIF, which is a short sequence of images within a single GIF file. A  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.html" GIF89a can also be specified for  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212364,00.html" interlaced GIF presentation. A patent-free replacement for the GIF, the Portable Network Graphics ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214307,00.html" PNG) format, has been developed by an Internet committee and major browsers support it or soon will. Meanwhile, many GIF downloaders and Web site builders on the Web continue to be ignorant of or indifferent to the requirement to get a license from Unisys for the use of their algorithm. animated GIF An animated GIF ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213984,00.html" Graphics Interchange Format) file is a graphic image on a Web page that moves - for example, a twirling icon or a banner with a hand that waves or letters that magically get larger. In particular, an animated GIF is a file in the Graphics Interchange Format specified as  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.html" GIF89a that contains within the single file a set of images that are presented in a specified order. An animated GIF can loop endlessly (and it appears as though your document never finishes arriving) or it can present one or a few sequences and then stop the animation. Animated GIFs are frequently used in Web ad  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211635,00.html" banners.  HYPERLINK "http://searchSolaris.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid12_gci212415,00.html" Java,  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214563,00.html" Flash, and other tools can be used to achieve the same effects as an animated GIF. However, animated GIFs are generally easier to create than comparable images with Java or Flash and usually smaller in size and thus faster to display. Interlaced GIF An interlaced GIF ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.html" Graphics Interchange Format) is a GIF image that seems to arrive on your display like an image coming through a slowly-opening Venetian blind. A fuzzy outline of an image is gradually replaced by seven successive waves of bit streams that fill in the missing lines until the image arrives at its full resolution. Among the advantages for the viewer using 14.4 Kbps and 28.8 Kbps modems are that the wait time for an image seems less and the viewer can sometimes get enough information about the image to decide to click on it or move elsewhere. For users with faster connections, there is little difference in effect between an interlaced GIF and a non-interlaced GIF. Transparent GIF  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  A transparent GIF ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.html" Graphics Interchange Format) is an image file that has one color assigned to be "transparent" so that the assigned color will be replaced by the browser's background color, whatever it may be. Pretend, for example, that you have created a rectangular GIF image of a large red star on a white background. If you are only interested in having the red star appear on your Web page, and don't want to see the white background, you can transparentize the white background color so that it changes to whatever the Web page's background color is (yellow, for example). Then, when you view the Web page, you will only see a red star on a yellow background. A single color transparent GIF can also be used as a place holder in a table cell on a Web page. Another name for this use of a transparent GIF is "spacer GIF". JPEG 1) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is an  HYPERLINK "http://searchCIO.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci214046,00.html" ISO/ HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214015,00.html" IEC group of experts that develops and maintains standards for a suite of  HYPERLINK "http://searchStorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci211828,00.html" compression  HYPERLINK "http://searchVB.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.html" algorithms for computer image files. 2) JPEG (usually pronounced JAY-pehg) is also a term for any graphic image file produced by using a JPEG standard. A JPEG file is created by choosing from a range of  HYPERLINK "http://searchStorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci211828,00.html" compression qualities (actually, from one of a suite of compression  HYPERLINK "http://searchVB.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.html" algorithms). When you create a JPEG or convert an image from another format to a JPEG, you are asked to specify the quality of image you want. Since the highest quality results in the largest file, you can make a trade-off between image quality and file size. Formally, the JPEG file format is specified in  HYPERLINK "http://searchCIO.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci214046,00.html" ISO standard 10918. The JPEG scheme includes 29 distinct coding processes although a JPEG implementor may not use them all. Together with the Graphic Interchange Format ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213984,00.html" GIF) and Portable Network Graphics ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214307,00.html" PNG) file formats, the JPEG is one of the image file formats supported on the World Wide Web, usually with the file suffix of ".jpg". You can create a  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212835,00.html" progressive JPEG that is similar to an  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212364,00.html" interlaced GIF. PNG PNG (pronounced ping as in ping-pong; for Portable Network Graphics) is a file format for  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212327,00.html" image compression that, in time, is expected to replace the Graphics Interchange Format ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213984,00.html" GIF) that is widely used on today's Internet. Owned by Unisys, the GIF format and its usage in image-handling software involves licensing or other legal considerations. (Web users can make, view, and send GIF files freely but they can't develop software that builds them without an arrangement with Unisys.) The PNG format, on the other hand, was developed by an Internet committee expressly to be patent-free. It provides a number of improvements over the GIF format. Like a GIF, a PNG file is compressed in lossless fashion (meaning all image information is restored when the file is decompressed during viewing). A PNG file is not intended to replace the  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212425,00.html" JPEG format, which is "lossy" but lets the creator make a trade-off between file size and image quality when the image is compressed. Typically, an image in a PNG file can be 10 to 30% more compressed than in a GIF format. The PNG format includes these features: You can not only make one color transparent, but you can control the degree of transparency (this is also called "opacity"). Interlacing (see  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212364,00.html" interlaced GIF) of the image is supported and is faster in developing than in the GIF format. Gamma correction allows you to "tune" the image in terms of color brightness required by specific display manufacturers. Images can be saved using  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213224,00.html" true color as well as in the  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212740,00.html" palette and gray-scale formats provided by the GIF. Unlike the  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.html" GIF89a, the PNG format doesn't support animation since it can't contain multiple images. The PNG is described as "extensible," however. Software houses will be able to develop variations of PNG that can contain multiple, scriptable images. Browser A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse (navigate through and read)  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213125,00.html" text files online. By the time the first Web browser with a  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213989,00.html" graphical user interface was generally available ( HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212593,00.html" Mosaic, in 1993), the term seemed to apply to Web content, too. Technically, a Web browser is a  HYPERLINK "http://searchWin2000.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid1_gci211795,00.html" client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HYPERLINK "http://searchSystemsManagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid20_gci214004,00.html" HTTP) to make requests of Web  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212964,00.html" servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user. A commercial version of the original browser,  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212593,00.html" Mosaic, is in use. Many of the user interface features in Mosaic, however, went into the first widely-used browser,  HYPERLINK "http://searchWebServices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212640,00.html" Netscape Navigator. Microsoft followed with its  HYPERLINK "http://searchWin2000.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid1_gci214105,00.html" Microsoft Internet Explorer. Today, these two browsers are the only two browsers that the vast majority of Internet users are aware of. Although the online services, such as America Online, originally had their own browsers, virtually all now offer the Netscape or Microsoft browser.  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212505,00.html" Lynx is a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS users. Another recently offered and well-regarded browser is  HYPERLINK "http://WhatIs.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212712,00.html" Opera. While some browsers also support e-mail (indirectly through e-mail Web sites) and the File Transfer Protocol ( HYPERLINK "http://searchNetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci213976,00.html" FTP), a Web browser is not required for those Internet protocols and more specialized client programs are more popular. Further reading at  HYPERLINK "http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/contents.html" http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/contents.html R]^_#$)*x y s t u h i    ſſſװŞſſכCJaJOJPJQJ^J0J"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJphy( 0J5\"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJphB*OJQJaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph7RSZ u F$IfU~&',67;FGLXY^j<@@HH$Ifu$$IfK00634Kab%&'+,567:;EFGKLWXY]^ijkl !"noyz  YZcd]_}~opää"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJph 0J5\jCJOJQJU CJOJQJ jU5CJ\aJ jZU jUCJaJOJPJQJ^J@jk_mK!p$$%% (1+d-l-+.04u$$IfK00634Kabp% & r s !!!!!!" "%"."$$$$$$%%%%%$%%%%%%%%_'`'''''B(C(((((򛉛ډ"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJph"jB*CJOJQJUaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph6B*CJOJQJ]aJph 0J5\"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJph6(T*U*****,,G-H-Q-R-d-l---. .'.(.*.=/>/////00%1&1+1,1111111222222\3]33333`6ʻڧڄڄڄڄڄ&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJphB*CJOJQJ^JaJph&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJphB*CJOJQJ^JaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph 0J5\"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJph445E7?8;<=>?@@;CFDF!KL#LMPSUUU&YZZZ]]Oa`6a66666?8H8I8J8888899999999P:Q:a:b:<<b<c<j<k<v<w<<<<<== > >>>>%>&>'>{>|>}>~>>ǺרררררǺ"j B*CJOJQJUaJph"jaB*CJOJQJUaJph"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph 0J5\B*CJOJQJ^JaJph&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJph4>>????@@<@H@@@@@@@BACADAEAAAAAAABBpBqBBBBBBBBBhDiDDDDD9E:EEEEEFFFFFFFFxGyG"jh B*CJOJQJUaJph"j B*CJOJQJUaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph6B*CJOJQJ]aJph 0J5\B*CJOJQJaJph"jB*CJOJQJUaJph;yGGGGGGG&H'H0H1HHHHHHHHH6I7ISDSES`SaSSSSSTTsTtTwTxTUUUUUVV.V/V#W$WWWWWXXYY!Y"Y&Y'YYYǶ!B*CJOJPJQJ^JaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph 0J5\B*CJOJQJ^JaJph&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJphHYYYYYYYYYZZZZG[H[c[d[]]]]M^N^O^P^d^e^^^^^aa)b*b~bbbbbbbbbb c!cxcycccccǺǺ5B*CJOJQJ\aJph"jB*CJOJQJUaJph"jB*CJOJQJUaJphB*CJOJQJaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJphB*CJOJQJ^JaJph&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJph 0J5\4Oaaaaadg$j%j&j*j+jemaooppDqarssss|}}}[$\$ & Fdd[$\$cccccddde e eEeFeeeeeff"g#g&g'ggg,h-h0h1hRhShhhhhHiIiiiiiiijj j!j$j+j;j?jjjjjjj0k1kkkkk"n#nnnnnppipjpB*CJOJQJ^JaJph5B*CJOJQJ\aJph 0J5\&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJphB*CJOJQJ^JaJphHjpxpyppp^q_qqqqqqq*r+r2r3rlrmrrrrrssstt)u*u.u/uguhuuuuuuuUvVv\v]vvvwwwwKwLwwwwwwwxx%x&xxxxxxx`yayyy5B*CJOJQJ\aJph#6B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphB*CJOJQJ^JaJph&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJph 0J5\GyyyyyGzHzczdze{f{{{{{'|(|w|x|}|~|||J}K}N}O}}}}~~ ~R~S~U~ҿ0JCJOJQJaJjU jUB*CJOJQJ^JaJph&jB*CJOJQJU^JaJph 0J5\#}}}}T~U~,1h. A!"#$% Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ Dn{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ Kn{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ R n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd   S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[  n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd  S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ n{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`Dd   S ~A^http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gifb{J[ Yn{J[ PNG  IHDR%VPLTE+סtRNS@f cmPPJCmp0712Om IDATc`clIENDB`ADyK 3http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/contents.htmlyK fhttp://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/contents.html i8@8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH <A@< Default Paragraph FontHU@H Hyperlink%5>*B*CJOJQJ\aJo(phJ^@J Normal (Web)dd[$\$OJPJQJ^J"W@" Strong5\UzRSZu F&',67;FGLXY^jk_mKp !! $1'd)l)+*,01E3?4789:;<<;?F@B!GH#HILOQQQ&UVVVYYO]]]]]`c$f%f&f*f+feiakkllDmanooooxyyyyyyTzWz00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 00000000000000p(`6>yGNYcjpyU~@DFGIJKLMOPQj4Oa}U~ACEHNRU~B^#)xh  k ny Yc}o !!$!!!_###B$$$T&&&(G)Q))*'*=+++,%-+----...\///`222I4445555P6a68b8j8v8889 ::&:{:}::;;<B=D====>p>>>>>h@@@9AAABBBxCCCC&D0DDDDD6E !!E"J"####$$1$7$$$%%F&K&&&''''(%(Y(_(((((h*n*******++.,4,m,s,,,<.A."/(/00^1d111222 22222 3%333445555V5[566667777T9Z9 :: :%:::::m;s;;;;;;< <%<C<H<S<X<x<}<==g?l???@@6B?BFFPPTT>VBV[[8[=[k[p[t\\\\\\X]]]!`%`~cc1e4eiijjkkm mmm8nOhttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214307,00.html 7Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213984,00.html)Ghttp://searchcio.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci214046,00.htmlEhttp://searchvb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.htmlL/Jhttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci211828,00.htmlEhttp://searchvb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.htmlL/Jhttp://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci211828,00.htmlzBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214015,00.html)Ghttp://searchcio.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid19_gci214046,00.htmlaAQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.htmlaAQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.html}Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214563,00.html7Khttp://searchsolaris.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid12_gci212415,00.html9Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211635,00.html :Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.html 7Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213984,00.html>Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214307,00.html{Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212364,00.html :Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.html9Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211566,00.html :Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212191,00.htmlxBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211661,00.htmlzBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212870,00.htmlEhttp://searchvb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci211545,00.htmlxBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214337,00.html;Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212425,00.htmlyBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212141,00.htmlyBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214320,00.htmltBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html tBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212895,00.html wBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.htmlyBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212946,00.html <~Ohttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci213284,00.htmlz{Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212871,00.htmljMxQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212425,00.htmlaAuQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.htmltrBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.htmltlBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.htmllKfQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci211572,00.htmlbMcQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci211495,00.htmllK`Qhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212740,00.htmlA.]Jhttp://searchwin2000.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid1_gci212714,00.htmlkCZQhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci211708,00.htmlxTBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211968,00.htmlxQBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211661,00.html5NOhttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212738,00.html}KBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212900,00.htmltHBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html5EOhttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211708,00.html;BOhttp://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci211495,00.htmlx?Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211968,00.htmlt<Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html`H9Qhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212286,00.htmly6Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212247,00.htmllK3Qhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci212740,00.html }-Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213912,00.htmlaA*Qhttp://searchwebmanagement.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid27_gci213984,00.htmly'Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211672,00.html~$Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213224,00.html}!Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212900,00.html wBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.html tBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212895,00.htmltBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html tBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212895,00.htmlx Bhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211966,00.html wBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.htmltBhttp://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci212793,00.html5)/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5) /http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)%/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)8/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)|>/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)CA /http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)F/http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif5)N^ /http://whatis.techtarget.com/images/spacer.gif  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSUVWXYZ[\]_`abcdefghijklmnoprstuvwxz{|}~Root Entry F(Data T1Table^*$WordDocument.SummaryInformation(qDocumentSummaryInformation8yKCompObjjObjectPool((  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q