ࡱ> 7 @bjbjUU 7|7| 9][l8*8*8*8p*$*4Q2++++,...QQQQQQQS 1UlQ.v.^...Q3+,vQ333.6+,Q3.Q33J;66Lt6NM,+ 8z"8*0JMNM4Q0Q2MUX2*UNM3  AS Level Module 2 Information: Management and Manipulation Lecture Two 11.2 Verification and Validation Lecturer: Deepak Gautam Email: gautamd@wolverhamptoncollege.ac.uk Room: 120, Wulfrun Campus Telephone: 01902 317527 Information System Controls Any business that involves providing customers with some service or product in exchange for money must maintain strict operational procedures to avoid mistakes, keep track of all transactions and prevent loss or unauthorised use of data. There is a well known phrase in computing circles - garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) -which warns computer users that if erroneous data enter a computer undetected, the output will more than likely also contain errors. For this reason, business information systems involve procedures to ensure that the data entering a computer system for processing is as free from errors as possible. Two important error detecting and preventing procedures are verification and validation. In information systems that use batch processing, the use of batch controls is also an appropriate method of helping to ensure the accuracy of data. Information systems must also provide the means for ensuring data integrity. This involves preventing and detecting data corruption, that is, accidentally changing or losing data while they are in the computer system. In addition, computer privacy legislation controls what personal data an information system can store and use. VERIFICATION Form Controls In 11.1 Data Capture, different input devices and situations in which they would be appropriate were considered. The particular method used to capture data would be chosen because it offered advantages in terms of speed, accuracy, and/or cost. Methods of direct data capture which cut out the need to key in data from input documents are likely to have all these advantages, and so are becoming more and more common. However, we are a long way off from escaping the chore of filling in forms of one sort or another, a large number of which will then have to be keyed into a computer system. The use of turnaround documents was indicated to alleviate some of these problems. Information from a form may be be keyed in to the computer and then processed to produce a set of documents for a customer. There are several possible sources of error before the data is processed: The customer could make a mistake, entering the wrong codes, adding up the totals wrongly, forgetting to enter addresses or card expiry dates, etc.; The person keying in the data could make a transcription error, keying in the wrong code or quantity, adding an extra couple of 0s to a price by keeping a finger down on the key for too long. A form could actually be mislaid or lost, or the operator might decide the writing was so bad it simply wasnt worth the effort of struggling with, and bin it. A bored keypunch operator, chatting to a colleague, could enter the same form twice without realising it. A faulty connection between hardware components such as the processor and the disk drive could mean that some characters are wrongly transmitted.  Batch processing In batch processing, transactions are collected as they occur and grouped together to form a batch. This means that generally there will be a delay between the system receiving a transaction and it being processed. For example, a mail order business might collect batches of transactions consisting of order forms sent through the post by customers. When a suitably sized batch of transactions has been accumulated, a special form called a batch control record will be prepared and added to the batch of transaction documents before they go on to the next stage of processing, which is usually input to the computer. This batch control record, at minimum, will contain two types of information: a transaction count; control totals. A data control clerk has the responsibility of: counting the documents; checking each one visually to see that the customer has entered essential details such as their name and address, card details if that is the payment method, and total payable; calculating a control total of some crucial field such as Total Payable, for the entire batch of documents; calculating hash totals of other fields such as size or quantity (see below); filling in a batch header document which will show, for example: batch number number of documents in batch date received control total hash total logging the batch in a book kept for this purpose. A hash total is a sum of values calculated purely for validation purposes. For example, the sizes of garments ordered on a batch of forms (12, 10, 12, 34, 36, etc.) are added together and the total entered in the batch header. The computer will be able to perform the same calculation and if the figures dont match, then the batch must have an error in it somewhere. Control totals and hash totals have a similar purpose: the data from the batch header is keyed in as well the contents of all the documents in the batch, and the computer performs the same summing calculation that the data entry clerk made manually. If there is any discrepancy, an error is reported and the batch rechecked. The difference between the two types of total is only that a hash total has no meaning, where a control total (e.g. number of documents in the batch does) File Structure for Hash & Control Totals Files will contain three types of record. A batch header record detailing the type of file or information collected, together with purge or retention dates. Batch Header RecordField1Field2Field3Field4Field5Payroll FileDate CreatedLast UsedPurge Date The standard data record which carries the data or information. Data Records (many)Field1Field2Field3Field4NameDate of BirthMale / FemaleNo. of Children A batch record which contains the hash totals or control totals. Batch Record TotalField1Field2Field3Number of recordsTotal Female recordsTotal Number of Children As indicated the advantage of batch processing is that a set of transaction (batch records) may be verified by a number of different methods. Each of the methods used would perform a specific function and usually have to perform them in a set order. They are concerned with the verification of the number of records, amount of data and transcription or copy verification. Manual Verification Manual verification is the process of entering data twice, with the second entry being compared with the first to ensure that it is accurate. It is common in batch processing for a second data entry operator to key in a batch of data to verify it. You have probably come across another example of verification when setting a password; you are asked to key the password in a second time to ensure that you didnt make a keying error the first time, as it is not echoed (shown) on the screen. VALIDATION Data Validation ensures the completeness, accuracy and integrity of the input and is used to catch as many errors as possible before the transaction records are updated to the master file. A validation program processes the input data to ensure that the data entered obeys certain rules. Checks that can be incorporated: Completeness: Have we entered values for all the fields in the record? Do manual and computer totals match? Sequence: Are records entered in the correct order? Are they sequential in the file? Range: Does the value entered fall within a pre-set range. (For dice, values should be between 1 and 6). Or fall within a reasonably expected range (such as a gas or electricity meter reading). The expiry date of a card must have a month number between 1 and 12, and the date must be later than todays date Constant: Has a field been designated as only allowed set values. For example a sex field would only be Male or Female. Correct Format: Does the value entered match the required format. For example a date format may have to be Day/Month/Year (DD/MM/YY). Acceptable Format: A supplier account number may be designated as 2 alpha and 4 numeric. For example HE12345 for Heinz. The quantity and price must be numeric. Transcript errors: Is the value entered correctly. For example a number entered the wrong way round. Spelling mistakes may be captured easily. Batch header checks: The total number of records in the batch should be calculated by the computer and compared with the figure on the batch header. The control totals and hash totals are also calculated and compared. A Control Report is printed at the end of a validation run with details of the number of records expected, those read and those in error. Although validation is a laborious process it is essential, as it goes a long way to ensuring that the data used in the update process is correct. Without such a validation program, transcription errors occurring on a field such as a product code could result in the update of a wrong product code. One of the most common mistakes has been the transcription of numbers and several methods for adding a check digit to a number has been devised. One of these methods is known as Modulus 11. Error Checking Modulus 11 Check Digit An extra digit calculated on for example, an account number, can be used as a self-checking device. When the number is input to the computer, the validation program carries out a calculation similar to that used to generate the check digit originally and thus checks its validity. This kind of check will highlight transcription errors where two or more digits have been transposed or put in the wrong order. One of the commonest methods of producing a check digit is the modulus 11 algorithm. The following example serves to illustrate its operation. Consider a stock code consisting of six digits, for example 462137. The check digit is calculated as follows: Each digit of the stock code is multiplied by its own weight. Each digit has a weight relative to its position, assuming the presence of a check digit in the rightmost position. Beginning from the check digit (?) position the digits are weighted 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 respectively as shown below. Stock Code462137(?)Multiplied by weight 7654321Product2836104914 The products are totalled. In this example, the sum produces 101. Divide the sum by modulus 11. This produces 9, remainder 2. Subtracting the remainder 2 from 11 gives a check digit of 9. Whenever a code is entered with a relevant check digit, the validation software carries out the same algorithm, including the check digit in the calculation. Provided that the third stage produces a remainder of zero the code is accepted as valid. This is proved in the table below, using the same example as above. Stock Code 4621379Multiplied by weight 7654321Product28361049149 The sum of the products above is 110, which when divided by 11, gives 10, remainder 0. Therefore the number is valid. If some of the digits are transposed (swapped around) or a digit is transmitted incorrectly, the check digit is no longer applicable to the code and is rejected byu the validation program because the results of the algorithm will not leave a remainder of zero. This is shown in the next table. Transposing 1st & 2nd and 3rd & 4th digits. Stock Code 6412379Multiplied by weight7654321Product4224589149 The sum of the products equals 111, which when divided by 11, gives 10, remainder 1. The number 6412379 is therefore invalid. Note If the remainder is 0, the check digit is 0, not 11. If the remainder is 1, the check digit is X, not 10.  Heathcote 2000 covers transmission errors as follows:- Detecting transmission errors In order to guard against the possibility of data being wrongly transmitted between the various hardware components of a computer, a parity bit is added to each character. In an even parity machine, the total number of On bits in every byte (including the parity bit) must be an even number. When data is moved from one location to another, the parity bits are checked at both the sending and receiving end and if they are different or the wrong number of bits are On, an error message is displayed. Thus a character code of 1101010 will have a parity bit of 0 appended to it, and a character code of 1101110 will have a parity bit off appended. Data is transmitted over a transmission line between computers in blocks of say 256 bytes. A checksum may be calculated by adding together the numeric value of all the bytes in a block, and this sum is transmitted with the data, to be checked again at the receiving end. Heathcote 2000 covers the accuracy and validity of data as follows:- Accuracy and validity When primary data is collected for surveying prospective customers or following the launch of a new product, for example, the research organisation has to be careful that the sample of the population chosen to be asked questions accurately reflects the whole population. If for example the researcher collects data from random members of the public in a town between 10am and 12 noon each morning for a week, they are probably going to interview mainly pensioners or people not currently employed. Exercises 1. Most banks and building societies now offer cash withdrawal facilities through the use of Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs). The data that needs to be entered before a transaction can take place will include the customers account number and Personal Identification Number (PIN). (a) (i) State three validation checks that should be made on the customers account number. (ii) State one validation check that should be made on the PIN. (b) These transactions will normally involve transmission of data from and to an ATM via a communications link. State one security precaution that should always be taken, giving a reason why it is needed. NEAB 1T02 Qu8 1999 2. Name and describe two validation checks that could be used when a product code number is input. AEB AS Computing Qu2 1997 With the aid of an example, distinguish clearly between a batch/control total and a hash total. NISEAC Computing Paper 2 Qu 3 1996 Briefly explain what is meant by verification during data entry in batch processing systems. NEAB Computing Paper 2 Qu21997 AS Module 2 11.2 Verification and Validation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gary West, Deepak Gautam  PAGE 2 2003 Student Activity All books have an ISBN number which has a modulus-11 check digit. Try checking whether the ISBN number 1858051703 is valid. Heathcote 2000 Student Activity Collect five forms (lots received through junk mail) (or find at Post Office, Bank or Building Society) and compare the way data is organised and collected on the form. Is the data on lines, in boxes, by choice and/or tick box ? Which forms are best for manual input or direct electronic input ? Which forms would be difficult to follow for a data entry clerk ? 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