ࡱ> oqnt7 =bjbjUU 7|7|5Llzzz$P$&CP2(o"o"o"OOOOOOOuQ SbOzo""^o"o"o"O$O$$$o"lzO$o"O$>$)MlN,zO Y%)$fO*O,P0CPO*S)$SO$  AS Level Module 2 Information: Management and Manipulation Lecture One 11.1 Data Capture Lecturer: Deepak Gautam Email: gautamd@wolverhamptoncollege.ac.uk Room: 120, Wulfrun Campus Telephone: 01902 821133 Overview of Data Capture The process of collecting data in a form suitable for use in an information system is termed data capture. For example, before an electricity board can charge a customer for the use of electricity, the customers meter must be read and recorded, or captured, on a suitable form. The data must then be transferred into the computer system by means of an input device appropriate to the method of data capture. Sometimes the data capture form is directly readable by an input device, as, for example, in the case of mark sensitive forms which can be read by optical mark readers (OMRs). On other occasions, the data on the form must be first transferred to a suitable medium by a data entry person using a key-to-storage device. Sometimes the data to be captured is pre-recorded on an item to be sold, as with bar codes, so that a data recording form is not required at all, but in many instances, some sort of data capture form is required. The design of such forms is of great importance, since the clearer and more concise the form, the less chance there is of inaccurate data being recorded. Frequently it is necessary to use questionnaires or observation sheets to collect data for statistical purposes, and again the quality of the design of these data capture forms is of great importance. System Inputs A number of details concerning the data inputs to a system need to be established, including the: source of the data. It may, for example, originate from a customer, a supplier, or another department in the organisation form of the data. The data may arrive, for example, by telephone, letter, electronically (e-mail or fax) or a standard form such as an order form or suppliers invoice; volume of data and its frequency. For example, the number of orders received each day or week; contents of the data. For example, the individual items of data which appear on a suppliers invoice. Such information allows a systems analyst to make recommendations on the most appropriate methods of computer input. The design of appropriate input methods also has to take account of several tasks involved with the collection and entry of data to a system: recording of data. For example, the completion of a customer order form following receipt of a customer order by telephone; transmission of the data for processing. For example, the order details may need to be transferred to another department or branch of the business for encoding and computer processing or they may be keyed in directly at the point of collection; checking of data for obvious errors and omissions. It may be, for example, that a customer order has no quantities entered; encoding of data into machine-readable form. Verification procedures need to be designed to prevent transcription errors when data is encoded onto a computer storage medium for processing; validation of data by computer. Data are checked by a data validation program against set limits of validity. For example, account numbers may have to fall between a particular range of values. The designer needs to be aware of the available input technologies. These can be divided into two categories, keyboard entry, and data capture technologies such as bar code reading, document scanning and optical mark reading (OMR), which allow direct input to the computer. The above technologies can be expensive to set up and are complimented by the use of :- Turnaround Documents Turnaround documents are forms that the information system produces as output and which can at a later date be returned to the system as input. For instance, a breakdown insurance renewal form (see Appendix) reminds the customer that it is due and attaches a direct debit mandate. As much information as possible is already on the renewal form, so that the customer does not:- Have to look up policy number, premium etc. Make a mistake with these data items The customer completes the renewal direct debit and then returns the document in an addressed envelope provided by the insurance company. If the insurance company had my bank account details they would have completed the direct debit form. In this case, the customer needs only to enter the bank details; even the name, address and annual/quarterly premium have been printed on the renewal direct debit form to prevent customers from either forgetting about it or getting it wrong. Also notice the helpful perforated edge indicated for cutting.  DATA CAPTURE The following input technologies are covered by Heathcote 2000. Keyboard data entry The keyboard is the most common input device, suitable for a wide range of applications from entering programs to typing all kinds of documents using a word processor, or entering personal details of customers or patients at a hospital, etc. Data entered at a keyboard is commonly copied from a source document, and as such has disadvantages: It is easy to make transcription errors that is, copy the data wrongly from the document. It is time-consuming. Data entry operators who enter data all day every day are prone to repetitive strain injury (RSI), a condition which renders them unable to do any further data entry or even perform everyday tasks such as pouring a cup of tea. Voice data entry The user speaks the text into a microphone and special software such as IBMs VoicePad or Dragons Naturally Speaking interprets the text and displays it on a screen, where it may be edited using the keyboard and exported to a word processing package such as Word. The accuracy of the voice recognition system is improved by training it to a particular users voice an embarrassing process of speaking a given set of a few hundred short sentences to your computer, repeating any that are not accurately interpreted. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Scanners can be used to read typed or even hand-written documents and OCR software can then be used to interpret the text and export it to a word processor or data file. Scanners are also used to input large volumes of data on preprinted forms such as credit card payments, where the customers account number and amount paid are printed at the bottom of the payment slip. An optical scanner can also be used to scan graphical images and photographs, and software can then be used to edit or touch up the images. Key to Disk Systems Using a key-to-disk system, a data entry operator calls up the data entry program for her particular batch of data (e.g. payroll data entry, market research data, gas meter readings) and keys in data, which is automatically validated by the computer program. When the batch of data has been entered and stored on disk, the source documents are passed to a second data entry operator who switches her machine to verify mode and keys in the data a second time. Keystrokes are compared with the data already stored on disk and any discrepancy causes the machine to beep so that the error can be corrected. Where large amounts of data are collected on forms which then have to be keyed in for later processing (a batch processing system) an entire computer system consisting of a processor, dozens of terminals and central disk storage may be dedicated entirely to data entry. Completed batches of data are stored on disk from where they are either downloaded to the main computer over a communications link, or transferred to magnetic tape which is physically removed and taken to the main computer room. Mouse, joystick, light pen, touch screen The mouse and its variants such as a trackball is well known to all users of PCs. A light pen is a device which incorporates a light sensor so that when it is held close to the screen over a character or part graphic, the object is detected and can be moved to create or modify graphics. A touch screen allows the user to touch an area of the screen rather than having to type the data in via a keyboard. They are widely used in tourist centres, where tourists can look up various local facilities entertainments, in fast food stores such as McDonalds for entering customer orders, in manufacturing and many other environments. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) All banks use MICR for processing cheques. Along the bottom of a cheque the banks sort code, customer account number and cheque number are encoded in special characters in magnetic ink. The amount of the cheque is encoded in magnetic ink when it is handed in at a bank. The cheques can then be processed extremely fast by high-speed MICR devices that read, sort and store the data on disk. MICR has several advantages for processing cheques: It is hard to forge the characters; The characters can be read even if the cheque is crumpled, dirty or smudged; The characters are readable by humans, unlike bar codes. Magnetic stripe Cards with magnetic stripes are used as credit cards, debit cards, railway tickets, phone cards and other applications such as customer loyalty cards. The magnetic strip can be encoded with up to 220 characters of data, and there are over 2.4 billion card transactions every year in Britain. With 83% of adults owning at least one card, the convenience of cashless shopping, with the piece of plastic, is expanding into every aspect of daily living. In addition, the information provided when someone signs up for a loyalty card with Sainsbury, Tesco, Boots or W.H.Smith, for example, plus a few months of shopping records can provide a detailed portrait of customers habits. Nevertheless, three factors threaten to destroy the lucrative business that high street banks have made out of plastic: crime, the cost of cash and competition. In 19% card fraud cost the banks 97.1 million, with 13.3 million of it from fake magnetic stripe cards. The 220 characters are simply too easy to copy, which is why the stripes will eventually disappear and be replaced by a chip, on a smart card, which is almost impossible to fake.. Smart cards Instead of (or as well as) the magnetic stripe, smart cards contain a 1-millimetre square microprocessor embedded in the middle, behind a small gold electrical contact. Instead of swiping the card, you plug it into a reader. Chip cards cost only about 1 to produce, and can hold millions of characters of data. Banks plan to introduce a supercard which in addition to debit and credit facilities, can be loaded with digital cash so that smaller items such as bread, milk and newspapers can be bought without the need to carry cash. BT will adapt local payphones in a trial area to load the cards, and NCP car parks will accept the cards. When your card runs out of digital cash, you reload it from a cashpoint machine. The Mondex card was introduced in Swindon in 1994 for a trial period, and incorporates the electronic purse idea but no debit or credit facilities. However even this card has proved not to be entirely tamper-proof, which leaves open the possibility that dishonest users could simply load their cards with as much money as they like.  Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) An optical mark reader can detect marks made in preset positions on a form. It is widely used for marking multiple-choice exams and market research questionnaires. Bar code reader or scanner Bar codes appear on almost everything we buy. The pattern of thick and thin bars represents the 13-digit number underneath the bar code. There are four main pieces of information on a bar code; The first two (or sometimes three) digits indicate in which country the product has been registered. The code for the UK and Ireland is 50. The next five digits represent the manufacturers code Cadburys for example is 00183. The second group of five digits represents the product and package size, but not the price. The last digit is a check digit, which is calculated from the other digits in the code and ensures that the barcode is keyed in or read correctly Exercises Speech recognition systems for Personal Computers are now becoming more and more affordable and useable. (a) State two advantages to a PC user of a speech recognition system. (2) (b) Give two different tasks for which a PC user could take advantage of speech recognition. (2) (c) Speech recognition systems sometimes fail to be 100% effective in practice. Give three reasons why this is so. (3) Most banks now dispense cash via Automated Teller Machines (ATM). After inserting a plastic card, which is read by the ATM, the customer types requests and responses on a special keypad. (a) Describe fully the procedure that the customer follows when making a cash withdrawal. (2) The information on the card is encoded onto a magnetic strip. Name three customer attributes that are stored on the strip. The Point of Sale (POS) terminals in supermarkets is now commonplace. What is meant by Point of Sale. (2) Suggest two advantages to the customers of POS terminals connected to the central computer. (3) Describe briefly an appropriate application for each of the following methods of input: MICR Key-to-disk Video camera Touch screen Smart card (10) AS Module 2 11.1 Data Capture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Notes compiled by: Barry Bird  PAGE 2 10 Nov 2000 AS Module 2 11.1 Data Capture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gary West, Deepak Gautam  PAGE 2 2003  EMBED MSPhotoEd.3  Class Discussion It has been suggested that other information such as a kidney donor record and/or a driving licence could be held on the same chip card that allows you to withdraw cash and pay for goods. 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